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Nationalist Liberation Alliance

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Nationalist Liberation Alliance
Alianza Libertadora Nacionalista
Historical leadersJosé Félix Uriburu,
Juan Bautista Molina,
Juan Queraltó,
Guillermo Patricio Kelly
Founded1931 (1931)
Dissolved1955 (1955)
Preceded byArgentine Patriotic League
Succeeded byLabour Party
Civic Revolutionary Movement
HeadquartersBuenos Aires, Argentina
NewspaperCombate
Student wingUnión Nacionalista de Estudiantes Secundarios
IdeologyUltranationalism
Militarism
Nacionalismo
Antisemitism
Fascism (1931–1955)
Nazism (1936–1955)
Orthodox Peronism[1]
Clerical fascism
Argentine irredentism
Political positionFar-right
ColoursBlack
Slogan"Hierarchy and order"
Party flag

Other flags:
  • (1937–1955)
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The Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Spanish: Alianza Libertadora Nacionalista, ALN), originally known as the Argentine Civic Legion (Legión Cívica Argentina, LCA) from 1931 to 1937,[2] the Alliance of Nationalist Youth (Alianza de la Juventud Nacionalista, AJN) from 1937 to 1943,[3] and then using its final name from 1943 to 1955, was a Nacionalista and fascist movement.[2]

The movement was heavily influenced by fascism and later became influenced by Nazism, with its members utilizing the Roman salute, wearing fascist-style uniforms, and marching in military formation.[4] The movement's declaration of principles in 1931 attacked Marxism and democracy and declared support for the creation of a corporative state like that of Fascist Italy.[5] It cooperated with the Argentine Fascist Party, particularly in the Córdoba region of Argentina.[6] In Córdoba in 1935, the local militia allied with the Argentine Fascist Party and Argentine Nationalist Action to form the Frente de Fuerzas Fascistas de Córdoba, which was replaced by the National Fascist Union in 1936. In 1936, its leader General Juan Bautista Molina reorganized the militia to be based upon the organization of the Nazi Party.[3] General Molina wanted an Argentina based on Nazi lines, presenting himself as an Argentine Hitler, and having close relations with Nazi Germany.[3] The movement called for "hierarchy and order" in society, various xenophobic and anti-Semitic themes, and the demand for "social justice" and "revolutionary" land reform to destroy the "oligarchy" in Argentina.[7] The movement also advocated irredentism against the country's neighbors Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Bolivia and Brazil[citation needed].

It was violently anti-Semitic, with its journal Combate issuing a "commandment" to its members: "War against the Jew. Hatred towards the Jew. Death to the Jew."[8]

History

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It was recognized as a political entity on 20 May 1931 and received juridical personality on 11 January 1932.[9] The movement was formed by Argentine President General José Félix Uriburu officially as a reserve for Argentina's armed forces.[10] The movement's members were authorized to receive military training.[10] The Legion declared itself to be made up of "patriotic men" who embodied "the spirit of the September revolution and who morally and materially were ready to cooperate in the institutional reconstruction of the country".[11] The Legion was the largest nationalist organization in Argentina in the early 1930s.[12] The movement is known to have committed acts of violence against its political opponents and tortured those that were captured.[4] It collapsed in 1955 after anti-Peronist forces seized control of Argentina with its leader fleeing the country.

It had a student wing called the Nationalist Union of Secondary Students (Unión Nacionalista de Estudiantes Secundarios, UNES).[8] Unlike other Argentine nationalist organizations of the time, the Legion had a women's section, while other nationalist groups excluded women from their organizations.[13] The Legion's women section called Agrupación Femenina de la LCA promoted women to love the armed forces and respect for order, authority, and hierarchy in the home and school.[13] These women were to provide aid to the poor to assist in establishing social peace.[13]

During the 1946 Argentine elections, the ALN was the largest Nacionalista movement but only gained 25,000 votes in a few areas in which it fielded candidates.[14] This coincided with the election of Juan Perón as President of Argentina.[14] Following the 1946 election, ALN members attacked the headquarters of several liberal and leftist newspapers, including La Hora, the Communist Party newspaper, as well as attacking a bar in downtown Buenos Aires that was frequented by Spanish republican refugees.[14] A number of Jewish associations became also the target of blast bombs planted by ALN members.[15]

In 1953, the ALN condemned the nationalist newspaper La Prensa for publishing too many articles by Jewish writers.[16] ALN leader Juan Queraltó was ousted from leadership of the party in 1953.[17] Queraltó was succeeded by Guillermo Patricio Kelly.[18] Kelly sought to distance the party from its anti-Semitic past and met with Israel's ambassador to Argentina, Dr. Arie Kubovy during which Kelly informed Dr. Kubovy that the ALN had forsworn anti-Semitism.[19] In 1954, anti-Semitism was dropped from the party.[17] The headquarters of the ALN were stromed and destroyed by rebel Sherman tanks during the anti-Peronist Revolución Libertadora on 21 September 1955.[20] Kelly was arrested in the aftermath by Argentine authorities, but eventually managed to escape and fled the country in 1957.[21]

In 1973, after the comeback of Perón to power, former members, including Kelly and Queraltó, attempted a revival of the ALN,[22] but were overshadowed by newer far right groups which eventually became subordinated to the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance.[23]

Party symbols

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The Nationalist Liberation Alliance used the Andean condor as the symbol of the movement.[24] The Andean condor is a national symbol of Argentina.[25]

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  • General José Félix Uriburu, President of Argentina (1930-1932), founder of the movement.
    General José Félix Uriburu, President of Argentina (1930-1932), founder of the movement.
  • Headquarters of the ALN in Buenos Aires after being assaulted by rebel tanks, 21 September 1955
    Headquarters of the ALN in Buenos Aires after being assaulted by rebel tanks, 21 September 1955

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Gómez Fernández, Eva (September 27, 2018). "La Extrema Derecha del Siglo XX: Las Particularidades del Terrorismo de Tipo Estatal de Argentina, Colombia y España". Universidad de Cantabria.
  2. ^ a b Rodney P. Carlisle (general editor). The Encyclopedia of Politics: the Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right. Thousand Oaks, California, USA; London, England; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005. p. 525.
  3. ^ a b c Robert A. Potash. The Army & Politics in Argentina: 1928-1945; Yrigoyen to Perón. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, 1969. p. 119.
  4. ^ a b Paul H. Lewis. Guerrillas and generals: the "Dirty War" in Argentina. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Praeger Publishers, 2002. p. 5.
  5. ^ Paul H. Lewis. The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism. University of North Carolina Press, 1990. p. 119.
  6. ^ Sandra McGee Deutsch. Las Derechas: The Extreme Right in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, 1890-1939. Stanford University Press, 1999. p. 210.
  7. ^ David Rock. Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact. Paperback edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 1995. p. 115.
  8. ^ a b Sandra McGee Deutsch. Las Derechas: The Extreme Right in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, 1890-1939. Stanford University Press, 1999. p. 229.
  9. ^ Alberto Ciria. Partidos y poder en la Argentina moderna (1930-1946). English translation. Albany, New York, USA: State University of New York, 1974. p. 130.
  10. ^ a b Robert A. Potash. The Army & Politics in Argentina: 1928-1945; Yrigoyen to Perón. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, 1969. p. 67.
  11. ^ Alberto Ciria. Partidos y poder en la Argentina moderna (1930-1946). English translation. Albany, New York, USA: State University of New York, 1974. p. 154.
  12. ^ Sandra McGee Deutsch. Las Derechas: The Extreme Right in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, 1890-1939. Stanford University Press, 1999. p. 201.
  13. ^ a b c Sandra McGee Deutsch. Las Derechas: The Extreme Right in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, 1890-1939. Stanford University Press, 1999. p. 236.
  14. ^ a b c David Rock. Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact. Paperback Edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 1995. p. 164.
  15. ^ Besoky, Juan Luis (10 February 2016). "La derecha peronista. Prácticas políticas y representaciones (1943-1976)" (PDF). UnLP-FaHCE: 107.
  16. ^ Institute of Jewish Affairs. Patterns of prejudice , Volumes 6-8; Volume 6. Institute of Jewish Affairs, 1972. p. 95.
  17. ^ a b Raanan Rein. Argentina, Israel, and the Jews: Perón, the Eichmann capture and after. University Press of Maryland, 2003. p. 68.
  18. ^ Alberto Ciria. Partidos y poder en la Argentina moderna (1930-1946). English translation. Albany, New York, USA: State University of New York, 1974. p. 68.
  19. ^ Benno Varon. Professions of a lucky Jew. Cranbury, New Jersey, USA; London, England; Mississauga, Ontario, Canada: Cornwall Books, 1992. p. 206.
  20. ^ Alaniz, Rogelio (13 November 2013). "Un final a sangre y fuego". El Litoral (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  21. ^ Larraquy, Por Marcelo (2022-02-12). "Guillermo Patricio Kelly al servicio de Perón: una fuga vestido de mujer, acusaciones de tortura y el peligro de linchamiento del general". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  22. ^ Besoky, Juan Luis (June 2014). "El Nacionalismo Populista De Derecha En Argentina: La Alianza Libertadora Nacionalista, 1937 - 19751". Mediaçðes (in Spanish). 19 (1): 61–83. doi:10.5433/2176-6665.2014v19n1p61.
  23. ^ Besoky, p. 233
  24. ^ Jon Lee Anderson. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. Revised text copyright edition. New York, New York, USA: Publishers Group West, 2010. p. 34.
  25. ^ Sujatha Menon. Mountain Creatures. New York, New York, USA: Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, 2008. p. 37.
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